Uji Terowongan Angin Model Kereta Cepat Buatan Indonesia
Pusat Teknologi Sistem dan Prasarana Transportasi (PTSPT) – Deputi bidang Teknologi Industri Rancang Bangun dan Rekyasara (TIRBR) – Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT) turut serta dalam pengkajian dan penerapan teknologi di bidang perkeretaapian. PTSPT terlibat dalam rancang bangun kereta cepat yang merupakan Prioritas Riset Nasional (PRN) Perkeretaapian. Salah satu bidang kajian yang dilakukan oleh lembaga ini adalah kajian dan desain sarana High Speed Train (HST).
Kereta cepat ini direncanakan memiliki kecepatan operasional maksimal 250 km/jam. Kecepatan kereta yang tinggi tentunya berpengaruh pada hambatan udara yang dialami oleh kereta api cepat ketika melaju di lintasan. Oleh karena itu, BPPT dan mitra saat ini berfokus pada perancangan desain bagian depan moncong kereta cepat (Mask of Car (MoC). Proses perancangan ini untuk mendapatkan performa aerodinamika yang baik dengan memiki koefisien drag (CD) yang kecil serta mengurangi turbulensi.
PTSPT bekerjasama dengan PT IMSC (INKA Multi Solusi Consulting) dan ITS (Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November) untuk melakukan pembuatan model MoC. Model uji yang dibuat memiliki skala 1:18 yang terdiri dari dua rangkaian kereta yang dapat dilepas-pasang dan sudah termasuk bogie, cow catcher serta fairing. Model ini juga dilengkapi dengan beberapa lubang kapiler dan pipa pitot untuk pengukuran tekanan udara pada area permukaan atap HST. Data pengukuran tekanan kemudian akan digunakan untuk rancang bangun system HVAC (pendingin udara) kereta cepat. Model tersebut selesai dibuat pada akhir Oktober setelah proses pembuatan selama tiga setengah bulan.
Pada hari Kamis 5 November 2020 dilakukan serah terima model uji HST skala 1:18 dari IMSC ke PTSPT di Puspiptek Serpong. Pada kesempatan tersebut juga dilakukan pemeriksaan dan pengukuran model. Hal ini bertujuan agar model skala yang dibuat benar-benar akurat dan mewakili model yang didesain komputer. Hasil verifikasi dimensi model dengan gambar desain menunjukkan akurasi yang tinggi dan memenuhi standar keberterimaan uji aerodinamik.
Menjelang akhir tahun 2020 ini, PTSPT melakukan pengujian Model MoC High Speed Train pada fasilitas terowongan angin “Indonesian Low Speed Tunnel” (ILST) di Balai Besar Teknologi Aerodinamika, Aeroelastika dan Aeroakustika (B2TA3). Pengujian kali ini dilakukan untuk beberapa tujuan, yakni:
- Verifikasi dan validasi simulasi numerik Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD),
- Mengukur tekanan pada permukaan kereta dan,
- Mengetahui pola aliran (Flow Visualization) pada model.
Proses pengujian ini dilakukan untuk dua tipe MoC, yaitu satu hasil rancangan BPPT dan satu lagi dari ITS.
Verifikasi dan validasi dilakukan pada gaya hambatan udara dan nilai koefisien drag (CD). Selain pada sudut serang 0 derajat, sejumlah variasi sudut serang hingga 20 derajat juga dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek angin samping/side wind. Hasil cepat melalui layar monitor menunjukkan kedua model hampir berhimpit di semua titik uji. Pada arah angin axial (sudut serang 0 derajat), hasil uji menunjukkan nilai koefisien drag 0,34. Hasil pengujian ini sesuai prediksi simulasi CFD pada saat awal pembuatan desain MoC.
Hasil dan analisis selengkapnya meliputi koefisien gaya angkat, gaya samping, momen yawing, momen guling, dan moment pitching. Hasil ini selanjutnya digunakan sebagai bahan untuk masuk ke tahap selanjutnya dengan modifikasi model yang lebih optimal menggunakan metode yang sama dan berdasarkan parameter dan setting yang telah teruji tersebut.
Pengukuran tekanan dengan lubang kapiler dan pipa pitot pada area dinding dan permukaan atap HST digunakan untuk rancang bangun sistem HVAC kereta cepat. Untuk mengetahui distribusi tekanan udara pada kereta cepat, ada beberapa titik pengukuran yang ditentukan.
Sementara itu uji flow visualization dengan wool tuft yang ditempelkan pada area permukaan bertujuan mengetahui pola aliran udara ketika HST melaju dengan kecepatan tinggi. Visualisasi ini dapat membantu perbaikan desain agar menghasilkan geometri yang lebih baik dalam mengalihkan aliran ataupun mengurangi turbulensi. (RED/rnovanto)
Referensi:
PTSPT. 2020. Model Mask of Car Kereta Cepat Telah Siap Uji. https://ptspt.bppt.go.id/index.php/en/berita/199-model-mask-of-car-kereta-cepat-telah-siap-uji
PTSPT. 2020. Hasil Akhir Uji Terowongan Angin Model Kereta Cepat.
https://ptspt.bppt.go.id/index.php/en/component/content/article/16-hotnews/203-
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