Vennbahn: Ketika Jalur Kereta Api Membuat Perbatasan Negara Menjadi Absurd

Perdebatan mengenai batas teritori sebuah negara tak jarang menimbulkan ketegangan bahkan hingga menyebabkan terjadinya peperangan antar dua negara. Namun di Eropa, perbatasan negara bisa jadi sesuatu yang abstrak bahkan absurd dan seringkali membuat siapapun menjadi bingung soal wilayah ini milik siapa.
Bahkan terkadang satu wilayah bisa jadi terisolir dari negara induknya karena dikelilingi oleh wilayah negara lainnya. Tapi bagaimana jadinya jika wilayah suatu negara jadi terpisah hanya karena jalur kereta api? Ya inilah Vennbahn, jalur kereta api milik Belgia yang sukses membuat satu wilayah Jerman jadi terpisah.
Jalur ini membentang sejauh 125 kilometer dari Stolberg dan Aachen hingga Trois-Vierges melintasi 3 negara yakni Belgia, Jerman, dan Luxembourg. Keberadaan jalur ini membuat 5 wilayah di Jerman yang dilintasi yakni Munsterbildchen, Rotgener Wald, Ruckschlag, Mutzenich, dan Ruitzhof menjadi wilayah exclave atau teritori luar negara yang terpisahkan dari wilayah utama Jerman sejauh 1.435 mm.
Kisah bagaimana jalur ini bisa menjadi wilayah Belgia dan membuat 5 wilayah Jerman menjadi exclave sangat panjang.

Wilayah ini awalnya adalah teritori Kerajaan Prussia yang kemudian bergabung dengan Kekaisaran Jerman pada 1871. Pembangunan Jalur Vennbahn dimulai pada tahun 1882 untuk menghubungkan wilayah yang baru bergabung dengan Kekaisaran Jerman serta mengangkut batubara dari tambang di Aachen ke industri baja di Luxembourg dan Lorraine.
Pasca kalah dalam Perang Dunia 1, Jerman terpaksa menyerahkan sejumlah wilayah ke negara yang jadi korban perang. Termasuk Belgia di mana beberapa teritori Jerman diserahkan pada Belgia salah satunya yang dilewati oleh Jalur Vennbahn.
Tapi muncul permasalahan ketika Jerman tetap mengklaim Jalur Vennbahn tetap menjadi miliknya. Belgia yang beberapa wilayah pemberian Jerman dilewati oleh jalur tersebut tidak terima dengan pernyataan Jerman. Sampai akhirnya Komisi Internasional menyatakan Jalur Vennbahn menjadi milik Belgia.
Hingga akhirnya jalur ini pun menjadi teritori Belgia yang memanjang melintasi wilayah Jerman.
Belgia mengoperasikan 5 stasiun yang melayani masyarakat di wilayah exclave Jerman. Meskipun jalur ini milik Belgia, namun penumpang diperbolehkan membayar tiket menggunakan mata uang Belgia maupun Jerman. Masyarakat Jerman yang hendak bepergian dengan KA di jalur ini tidak dikenai pajak maupun aturan imigrasi Belgia begitu pun sebaliknya.
Pada tahun 2000 Belgia menonaktifkan jalur ini. Sebagian besar rel di jalur ini dicabut dan railbednya dibuat menjadi lintasan sepeda sejauh 125 kilometer. Jalur Vennbahn menjadi salah satu destinasi wisata terfavorit di Belgia terutama bagi para pesepeda.
Jalurnya yang panjang dan pemandangannya yang indah membuat jalur ini menarik hati banyak pesepeda untuk menjajal bekas salah satu jalur KA paling unik yang pernah ada ini.(RED/BTS)
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