Dari MRT Hingga Argo Bromo, Karya-Karya Habibie di Dunia Perkeretaapian
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Indonesia kembali kehilangan salah satu tokoh bangsa. Kemarin sore sekitar pukul 18:05 WIB, Presiden Indonesia ke-3 Bacharudin Jusuf Habibie atau kita biasa menyebutnya BJ Habibie berpulang kepada Yang Maha Kuasa. Beliau berpulang setelah menjalani perawatan di RSPAD Gatot Subroto, Jakarta.
Selain dikenal sebagai bapak teknologi, BJ Habibie juga sering disebut sebagai bapak demokrasi karena berhasil membawa demokrasi ke Indonesia serta memulihkan perekonomian Indonesia pasca krisis moneter 1998 dan runtuhnya Orde Baru.
Dalam dunia keteknikan, banyak karya beliau yang terkenal terutama dari dunia kedirgantaraan. Namun siapa sangka selain di dunia kedirgantaraan, BJ Habibie juga memiliki karya di dunia perkeretaapian. Apa saja kah karya beliau di dunia perkeretaapian? RE Digest merangkumnya untuk anda.
1. MRT Jakarta
Meski idenya sudah ada sejak era Bung Karno, namun proyek MRT Jakarta baru benar-benar mulai dieksekusi pada era Orde Baru. Pada tahun 1986, ketika itu BJ Habibie masih menjabat sebagai Kepala Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT) mengkaji empat studi yang dilakukan untuk membangun jaringan MRT di Jakarta.
Keempat studi tersebut di antaranya adalah Jakarta Urban Transport Program (1986-1987), Integrated Transport System Improvement by Railway and Feeder Service (1988-1989), Transport Network Planning and Regulation (1989-1992), dan Jakarta Mass Transit System Study (1989-1992).
Bahkan perusahaan asal Perancis, Alstom, sudah membuat konsep Jalur MRT Jakarta East-West yang membentang dari Tangerang hingga Cikarang. Namun sayangnya rencana pembangunan MRT Jakarta pada saat itu harus terhambat krisis moneter yang menimpa Indonesia tahun 1998.
2. PT INKA
Salah satu mahakarya BJ Habibie di dunia perkeretaapian adalah berdirinya pabrikan kereta api nasional PT Industri Kereta Api atau PT INKA yang berbasis di Madiun, Jawa Timur. PT INKA yang sebelumnya adalah Balai Yasa Madiun diubah menjadi pabrikan kereta api oleh BJ Habibie yang pada saat itu menjabat sebagai Menteri Negara Riset dan Teknologi pada tahun 1977 melalui program “transformasi industri dan alih teknologi”.
INKA sendiri didirikan karena menurunnya performa dan kinerja perkeretaapian Indonesia pada dekade 70an sebagai dampak kurangnya sarana perkeretaapian. Selain itu, INKA didirikan untuk mengurangi ketergantungan Indonesia pada sarana perkeretaapian yang diimpor dari luar negeri. Dipilihlah Balai Yasa Madiun sebagai workshop dan “markas besar” PT INKA.
Alasan dipilihnya Balai Yasa Madiun menjadi markas PT INKA dikarenakan Balai Yasa Madiun dulunya adalah balai yasa yang menangani perawatan lokomotif uap. Sedangkan pada saat itu, jumlah sarana lokomotif uap satu per satu mati karena modernisasi dan sulitnya suku cadang.
Selain itu, kemampuan SDM Balai Yasa Madiun yang mumpuni menjadi alasan dipilihnya Balai Yasa Madiun menjadi markas PT INKA. Pada tahun 1982, lahir purwarupa kereta penumpang pertama buatan INKA yakni Si Belo Kuda Troya.
3. KA JS-950 dan JB-250
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Selain industri dan konsep jaringan kereta api, BJ Habibie juga memiliki andil dalam kelahiran dua kereta api di tanah Jawa yakni Argo Bromo dan Argo Gede.
Menteri Riset dan Teknologi BJ Habibie saat itu mencetuskan ide layanan kereta api cepat yang menghubungkan Jakarta – Bandung dan Jakarta – Surabaya di atas KA wisata Toraja dalam perjalanan menuju Bandung pada Desember 1992.
Dari situ lahirlah konsep KA JB250 dan KA JS950 yang menjadi cikal bakal lahirnya KA Argo Gede dan Argo Bromo. JB250 sendiri merupakan singkatan dari Jakarta-Bandung 2,5 jam dan JS950 merupakan singkatan dari Jakarta-Surabaya 9 jam diluncurkan pada 50 tahun kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia.
KA JS950 dan JB250 diresmikan bersamaan pada tanggal 31 Juli 1995 oleh Presiden Soeharto untuk memperingati Hari Teknologi Nasional pada tanggal 12 Agustus dan peringatan Hari Kemerdekaan Indonesia yang ke-50.
Sebagai bagian dari proyek KA JB250 dan JS950 yang digagas BJ Habibie, lokomotif CC 203 atau GE U20C menjadi bagian penting dalam proyek tersebut. Wacana pembelian lokomotif GE U20C kemudian digodok oleh Departemen Perhubungan.
Dalam seminar peningkatan kecepatan KA bersama JICA, Dephub mengumumkan rencana pembelian 12 unit lokomotif GE U20C oleh pemerintah yang kemudian lokomotif tersebut diberi nomor seri CC 203. Bentuk GE U20C yang dibeli Indonesia berbeda dengan GE U20C yang dibeli oleh negara lain.
GE U20C Indonesia atau CC 203 memiliki bentuk muka yang aerodinamis karena lokomotif ini kemudian diperuntukan sebagai lokomotif sprinter atau pelari untuk menarik KA JB250 dan JS950 yang mengutamakan kecepatan.
Guna mewujudkan hal tersebut, PT INKA bekerjasama dengan General Electric membentuk perusahaan patungan yang diberi nama General Electric Locomotive Indonesia (GELI) pada Oktober 1995. Sebanyak 12 unit lokomotif CC 203 yakni CC 203 01 sampai CC 203 12 dibuat di Amerika Serikat di tahun 1995.
Sedangkan GELI memproduksi lokomotif CC 203 dari CC 203 13 hingga 41 dari tahun 1997 hingga 2000, termasuk lokomotif GE U20C yang dibeli oleh ICTSI untuk Filipina pada 1996 yang kemudian dijual ke Australia.
(RED/BTS)
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